新闻伦理案例二集锦

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【案例】

编辑：邢海波

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【案例】中消协测了100款APP，91款涉嫌过度收集个人信息

file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\ksohtml\wpsDECB.tmp.png新京报 <更多内容2018-11-28 13:20:38

新京报快讯（记者 戴轩实习生 徐美慧）随着智能手机的普及，越来越多的应用程序相继出现，其背后的使用权限和隐私问题也逐渐引起消费者的密切关注。中消协于2018年8-10月开展了App个人信息收集与隐私政策测评活动，发现情况不容乐观。

金融理财类APP“表现”最差

本次共测评了10类（通讯社交、影音播放、网上购物、交易支付、出行导航、金融理财、旅游住宿、新闻阅读、邮箱云盘和拍摄美化）100款App，均在9月1-3日期间从App Store、安卓市场下载，同时对App的用户协议、隐私政策进行录屏取证。测评活动由中国电子技术标准化研究院提供专业技术支持。

《测评报告》显示，不同类别App以及同一类别中的不同品牌App测评结果差异较大，新闻阅读、网上购物和交易支付等类型App为总平均分相对较高的App类别，而金融理财类App得分相对较低，仅为28.91分。

普遍涉嫌过度收集个人信息

在收集个人信息方面：10类App普遍存在涉嫌过度收集个人信息的情况，59款App涉嫌过度收集“位置信息”，28 款App涉嫌过度收集“通讯录信息”，23 款App涉嫌过度收集“身份信息”，22款App涉嫌过度收集“手机号码”等。

在隐私政策方面：47款App隐私条款内容不达标，其中34款App没有隐私条款。主要问题包括未明确告知收集个人信息类型，且收集敏感信息时未明确告知用户信息的用途；未明确告知用户个人信息使用方式；对外提供个人信息时不单独告知并征得用户同意；未明确告知用户如何更正个人信息和撤回同意；隐私政策存在默认同意或未提示阅读等问题；存在“自行承担风险”等不合理免责条款。

中消协将约谈相关APP负责人

针对测评中发现的问题，中消协建议加强隐私保护立法，为消费者个人信息安全提供法律和制度保护；开发管理者应尽可能少地收集消费者个人信息，并采取有效措施，保护消费者个人信息安全。

中消协还建议，各应用商店对于没有隐私条款的应当及时下架，并提醒消费者谨慎下载使用，应当要求相关隐私条款内容不能损害消费者合法权益，不得含有不公平格式条款。同时强化部门间的沟通合作，完善消费者个人信息安全问题的投诉举报制度，严肃查处侵害消费者合法权益的典型问题，发挥典型案例的教育警示作用。

中消协表示，针对本次测评活动中发现的典型问题，将约谈劝谕相关App开发管理者，督促企业整改提高。中消协将持续关注App个人信息保护工作，采取更多有效方式，更好地维护消费者个人信息安全。

·链接：各款App测评结果

1.社交通讯类App。10款通讯社交类App被评价为四星半或四星的是微信、QQ、新浪微博和陌陌；三星半的是百度贴吧；一起、妙见、宜聊、面聊、百合婚恋被评价为一星。

2.影音播放类App。10款影音播放类App被评价为四星的是腾讯视频；三星或三星半的是爱奇艺、优酷、抖音短视频、咪咕影院、快手；橙子VR、手机电视、1905电影网、魔力视频被评价为一星。

3.网上购物类App。10款网上购物类App被评价为四星半的是京东、美团、天猫、淘宝；三星半的是拼多多；爱抢购、搜了、快乐购、名创优品、喜购被评价为一星。

4.交易支付类App。10款交易支付类App被评价为四星的是支付宝；三星或三星半的是京东金融、拉卡拉、如E支付、合众钱包；云闪付被评为二星；翼支付、瑞钱包、付费通、银嘉钱包被评价为一星。

5.出行导航类App。10款出行导航类App被评价为四星的是腾讯地图、百度地图；达到三星或三星半的是滴滴出行、高德地图、咚咚驾驶、ofo小黄车；飞嘀打车乘客、曹操专车、一起来拼车、E代驾被评价为一星。

6.金融理财类App。10款金融理财类App被评价为三星或三星半的是网易彩票、中国建设银行；胜算在握、微贷网、中国工商银行、捷信快贷、随手记、同花顺、马上到账贷款、悟空理财被评价为一星。

7.住宿旅游类App。10款住宿旅游类App被评为四星的是飞猪；三星或三星半的是同程旅游、携程旅行、途牛旅游；去哪儿旅行被评为二星；票管家、百程旅行、天巡旅行、6人游、居家游被评为一星。

8.新闻阅读类App。10款新闻阅读类App被评为四星或四星半的是腾讯新闻、新浪新闻、今日头条、多看阅读；三星或三星半的是网易新闻、一点资讯；艾美阅读被评为二星；掌阅、聚看点、掌上阅读被评为一星。

9.邮箱云盘类App。10款邮箱云盘类App被评为四星或四星半的是QQ邮箱、网易邮箱；三星或三星半的是百度网盘、新浪邮箱、极邮邮箱；139邮箱、景邮箱、轻邮、2980邮箱、易联安全邮箱被评为一星。

10.拍摄美化类App。10款拍摄美化类App被评价为四星的是无他相机、美颜相机、美妆相机；三星或三星半的是天天P图、美图秀秀；B612咔叽被评价为二星；POCO相机、柚子相机、Faceu激萌、美人相机被评价为一星。

http://wemedia.ifeng.com/90233535/wemedia.shtml编辑：邢海波

刘海明

【案例】

Les Moonves Obstructed Investigation Into Misconduct Claims, Report Says
[size=0.9375]Leslie Moonves stepped down as the chief executive of CBS in September after more than a dozen women, including a doctor, accused him of sexual misconduct.[size=0.8125]CreditPatrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg









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[size=0.9375]Leslie Moonves stepped down as the chief executive of CBS in September after more than a dozen women, including a doctor, accused him of sexual misconduct.[size=0.8125]CreditCreditPatrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg

[size=0.9375]By Rachel Abrams and Edmund Lee

• Dec. 4, 2018
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[size=1.1875]Facing multiple sexual misconduct allegations and fearing his career as an entertainment titan was over, Leslie Moonves, the chief executive of CBS, destroyed evidence and misled investigators in an attempt to preserve his reputation and save a lucrative severance deal, according to a draft of a report prepared for the company’s board.

[size=1.1875]The report, by lawyers hired by the network, says the company has justification to deny Mr. Moonves his $120 million severance. Mr. Moonves reigned as one of Hollywood’s most successful and celebrated executives for decades before being forced to step down in September after allegations by numerous women.

[size=1.1875]The report, a copy of which was reviewed by The New York Times, says Mr. Moonves “engaged in multiple acts of serious nonconsensual sexual misconduct in and outside of the workplace, both before and after he came to CBS in 1995.” The report includes previously undisclosed allegations of sexual misconduct against him.

[size=1.1875]The lawyers who conducted the inquiry wrote that they had spoken with Mr. Moonves four times and found him to be “evasive and untruthful at times and to have deliberately lied about and minimized the extent of his sexual misconduct.”

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[size=1.1875][Here are four takeaways from the report.]

[size=1.1875]Mr. Moonves shaped the television landscape for more than 30 years. Even before his CBS tenure, he had an outsize role in producing shows like the 1980s sitcom “Full House” and the 1990s megahits “ER” and “Friends.” At CBS, he turned around a moribund network with audience-friendly smashes like “Survivor,” the police procedural “C.S.I.” and its multiple spinoffs, and sitcoms like “How I Met Your Mother” and “Big Bang Theory.” For the past decade, CBS has been the most-watched network.

[size=1.1875]But in September, Mr. Moonves’s run at the network ended in ignominious fashion when he negotiated his exit shortly after 12 women told The New Yorker that he had sexually harassed or assaulted them. Since then, the possibility that he could still receive his lucrative exit package has infuriated many people.

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[size=1.1875]CBS’s board hired two law firms, Debevoise & Plimpton and Covington & Burling, to conduct an independent investigation to determine, in part, if Mr. Moonves violated the terms of his employment agreement. That would allow the company to fire him for cause and withhold his severance.

[size=1.1875]“Based on the facts developed to date, we believe that the board would have multiple bases upon which to conclude that the company was entitled to terminate Moonves for cause,” the report says.

[size=1.1875]Andrew J. Levander, Mr. Moonves’s lawyer, said Mr. Moonves “denies having any nonconsensual sexual relation” and “cooperated extensively and fully with investigators.”

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[size=1.1875]As part of their investigation, the lawyers wrote that they had interviewed 11 of the 17 women who they knew had accused Mr. Moonves of misconduct or harassment and found their accounts to be credible. Most of the alleged incidents occurred many years ago.

[size=1.1875]Investigators are expected to present the 59-page report to CBS’s board ahead of the company’s annual meeting next week. The copy viewed by The Times was drafted in late November and could be adjusted before it is presented to the full board.

[size=1.1875]“No findings have been reported to the board,” a spokesman for the investigators said on Tuesday. “The board has reached no conclusions on this matter. The investigators and the board are committed to a thorough and fair process.”

[size=1.1875]He added, “Our work is still in progress, and there are bound to be many facts and assessments that evolve and change as the work is completed.”

[size=1.1875]The board is unlikely to make any determinations on the fate of Mr. Moonves next week, according to two people familiar with the matter, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss board business. The company had previously said it expected to conclude the investigation by the end of January.

[size=1.1875]Investigators wrote that they had found that Mr. Moonves “received oral sex from at least 4 CBS employees under circumstances that sound transactional and improper to the extent that there was no hint of any relationship, romance, or reciprocity (especially given what we know about his history of more or less forced oral sex with women with whom he has no ongoing relationship).”

[size=1.1875]Lawyers were not able to speak directly with these women, but determined that “such a pattern arguably constitutes willful misfeasance and violation of the company’s sexual harassment policy.”

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[size=1.1875]Investigators wrote that they had received “multiple reports” about a network employee who was “on call” to perform oral sex on Mr. Moonves.

[size=1.1875]“A number of employees were aware of this and believed that the woman was protected from discipline or termination as a result of it,” the lawyers wrote. “Moonves admitted to receiving oral sex from the woman, his subordinate, in his office, but described it as consensual.”

[size=1.1875]The woman did not respond to the investigators’ requests for an interview.

[size=1.1875]Mr. Levander, Mr. Moonves’s lawyer, said Mr. Moonves had “never put or kept someone on the payroll for the purpose of sex.”

[size=1.1875]CBS declined to comment.

[size=1.1875]Mr. Moonves’s marriage in 2004 to Julie Chen, now the host of “Big Brother,” appears to have been a “bright line” after which his sexual misconduct seemed to have stopped, according to the report.

[size=1.1875]The report also details what CBS’s board and management knew about Mr. Moonves’s conduct, and how they reacted to it.

[size=1.1875][A failure to act earlier is likely to haunt CBS, James Stewart writes.]

[size=1.1875]In one case, Dr. Anne Peters, who saw Mr. Moonves for a consultation in 1999, told the lawyers that he had tried to kiss her and masturbated in front of her. Dr. Peters said she had later told Arnold Kopelson, a film producer who was a friend, about the incident in an attempt to dissuade him from joining the CBS board in 2007.

[size=1.1875]“She recalls Kopelson responding that the incident had happened a long time ago and was trivial, and said, in effect, ‘We all did that,’” the investigators wrote. They added that Dr. Peters had tried to discuss the incident with Mr. Kopelson, who died in October, on several other occasions, and pushed him to come forward with the information after the #MeToo movement gained momentum.

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[size=1.1875]The investigators said that they had been unable to speak with Mr. Kopelson and that there was no evidence that he had ever spoken to anyone, including Mr. Moonves or fellow board members, about the accusation. Dr. Peters did not respond to requests for comment for this article.

[size=1.1875]The report also details Mr. Moonves’s handling of an accusation involving the actress Bobbie Phillips. Ms. Phillips claimed that he had forced her to perform oral sex during a meeting in 1995. Over the last year, Mr. Moonves tried to help her get work in order to keep her from speaking publicly, as first reported by The Times.

[size=1.1875]Last December, Ms. Phillips’s manager, Marv Dauer, warned Mr. Moonves that she was “making noises” about going public, and heavily implied that Mr. Moonves should try to find her some acting work, according to what Mr. Moonves told investigators. Mr. Moonves pushed CBS’s head of casting to find a role for Ms. Phillips, and she was ultimately offered a small part on the action-adventure series “Blood and Treasure,” which she turned down.

[size=0.9375]Marv Dauer is the manager of Bobbie Phillips, an actress who accused Mr. Moonves of sexually assaulting her in 1995.[size=0.8125]CreditElizabeth Weinberg for The New York Times









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[size=0.9375]Marv Dauer is the manager of Bobbie Phillips, an actress who accused Mr. Moonves of sexually assaulting her in 1995.[size=0.8125]CreditElizabeth Weinberg for The New York Times

[size=1.1875]Mr. Moonves told lawyers for CBS in January, and again in August, that an unnamed actress had accused him of sexually assaulting her in the 1990s. But he did not disclose that the manager had pushed him to find her work, or that Mr. Moonves had used CBS resources to do so. Investigators also discovered that Mr. Moonves had deleted many of his hundreds of texts with Mr. Dauer, and handed over his son’s iPad instead of his own.

[size=1.1875]The report says Mr. Moonves told the lawyers that he did not try to get work for anyone else connected with Ms. Phillips. The lawyers identified this as untrue. Mr. Moonves had tried to get work for the actress Eva LaRue, another client of Mr. Dauer’s.

[size=1.1875]As part of his contract with CBS, Mr. Moonves was required to cooperate fully with the network’s investigation.

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[size=1.1875]Because of his run of successes, Mr. Moonves became one of the industry’s highest paid and most respected executives. He has drawn an annual pay package worth $69.3 million. From 2006 to 2017, Mr. Moonves’s total compensation, including salary and stock awards, totaled more than $1 billion, according to Equilar, a research firm that gathers data on executive pay.

[size=1.1875]But his fall from Hollywood’s highest echelon was all but sealed after the board found out about his attempts to appease Ms. Phillips.

[size=1.1875]In September, shortly after The New Yorker published an article in which six women accused Mr. Moonves of misconduct, the CBS board negotiated a settlement with Mr. Moonves, including a $20 million donation to one or more organizations that support equality for women in the workplace. The company hired a consulting firm to help choose which organizations should receive the money, but Mr. Moonves also has to agree on the recipients. That amount has already been set aside and is considered a deduction from Mr. Moonves’s total settlement of $140 million.

[size=1.1875]The CBS board had already enlisted the two law firms to lead an inquiry into the claims against Mr. Moonves and the wider workplace culture at the network in August, after six women accused Mr. Moonves of misconduct in an earlier article by The New Yorker.

[size=1.1875]The board hired Nancy Kestenbaum of Covington & Burling and Mary Jo White of Debevoise & Plimpton to conduct the inquiry. Ms. White led the Securities and Exchange Commission during the Obama administration and was previously the United States attorney for the Southern District of New York. Ms. Kestenbaum was also a federal prosecutor with the same district.

[size=1.1875]Even before the misconduct allegations emerged, Mr. Moonves had been under intense pressure. He waged an audacious legal battle against CBS’s controlling shareholder, Shari Redstone, to prevent a pending merger with its sister company Viacom, which she also controls.

[size=1.1875]Mr. Moonves is the latest high-powered entertainment figure to be ousted from his perch in the #MeToo era. The movie producer Harvey Weinstein has been accused by scores of women of sexual assault. Matt Lauer stepped down as the anchor of NBC’s most valuable news program, “Today,” after several women alleged sexual harassment. Charlie Rose of CBS and PBS left the airwaves after multiple women implicated him. And Fox News saw the departures of the founding executive Roger E. Ailes and its top-rated host, Bill O’Reilly. All of those men have denied any nonconsensual sexual activity.

[size=1.1875]Many of the men who have been toppled spent years determining what TV shows, movies and news programs millions of Americans watched daily. The allegations go back years — in some cases even decades. And the wave of scandals is a stark reminder of how male-dominated the entertainment and news industries remain, especially in their upper ranks.

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James Stewart contributed reporting.

[size=0.75]A version of this article appears in print on Dec. 5, 2018, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Moonves Lied About Abuse, Inquiry Finds. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe

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COMMENT OF THE MOMENTHarley Leiber commented 10 hours ago[size=0.9375]

H

Harley Leiber
[size=0.875]Portland OR10h ago

[size=0.737]Times Pick

[size=0.875]Television is, at the end of the day, part of the advertising industry. Billboards, radio, newspapers, television, magazines etc. Moonves was just another character out of  Madmen. But he was doing his thing and victimizing women  in the wrong era..if there was ever a right one, and it finally caughtup with him. How he escaped scrutiny for so many years is really a reflection of the overall moral backdrop he operated in....Hopefully, that is changing. He should not get a single cent of severance...

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‘If Bobbie Talks, I’m Finished’: How Les Moonves Tried to Silence an Accuser
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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/04/business/media/les-moonves-cbs-report.html

刘海明

【案例】

• Facebook的真实使命：赚钱和打压对手。英国议会获取的该公司内部文件和邮件是Facebook内部运作罕见的一瞥，该公司多年来推广的理想形象被发现是精心培育的烟幕。

20181208NYT

admin

【案例】
孟晚舟给家门口的记者们点了披萨
据加拿大通讯社13日消息，华为CFO孟晚舟日前在温哥华的家中叫了六份披萨外卖，其中四份是给蹲守在自家门口的记者们点的。


报道称，周三中午，孟晚舟女士在家点了6份披萨外卖，并请快递员把其中的4份送至屋外等候的记者和摄影师手中。

据悉，媒体朋友们随后将披萨传递给了沿街一处建筑工地的工人们。
据庭审直播记录中显示的保释条件，孟晚舟在保释期间必须待在不列颠哥伦比亚省；晚上11点到早上6点必须待在家里，随时能被联系到；由狮门安保公司进行24小时不间断监控。

原文链接：http://news.ifeng.com/a/20181213/60191888_0.shtml
编辑：杨琦钜

admin

【案例】《时代》杂志2018年度人物：守护真相的新闻工作者

美国《时代》杂志11日公布2018年度风云人物，获选者为“守护者与真相之战”，亦即为了报导真相而入狱甚至牺牲生命的新闻从业人员：阿拉伯异议记者卡舒吉、遭到缅甸政府逮捕的路透社记者吴觉梭与瓦隆、因为批评菲律宾总统杜特蒂被迫关闭网站的菲律宾《雷普勒》新闻网总编辑蕾莎，以及遭到枪手血洗编辑室的美国马里兰州《首府新闻报》的5位新闻工作者。

《时代》（TIME）杂志指出，这四位“守护者”（The Guardians）代表了无数还在奋斗的新闻工作者，截至今年12月10日，全世界至少已有52名记者遭到杀害，“他们冒着生命危险，也要说出属于这个时代的故事”。对照美国总统川普（Donald Trump）动辄将批评他的新闻工作者扣上“人民公敌”（enemy of the people）的大帽子，《时代》杂志编辑台今年的选择意义深远。


沙特阿拉伯著名异议记者、专栏作家卡舒吉（Jamal Khashoggi）。 © AP
“他们冒着生命危险，也要说出属于这个时代的故事”

“就像所有人类的天赋，勇气在不同时刻以不同的程度出现，”《时代》杂志总编辑费尔森陶（Edward Felsenthal）撰文解释“守护者”获选原因，“今年我们认识了四位记者和一家报社，为了这一刻的挑战，付出了庞大的代价：卡舒吉（Jamal Khashoggi）、蕾莎（Maria Ressa）、吴觉梭（Kyaw Soe Oo）与瓦隆（Wa Lone）以及马里兰州《首府新闻报》。”《时代》杂志公布2018年度风云人物同时，也公布了四本杂志封面，分别以卡舒吉、雷莎、吴觉梭与瓦隆妻子和《首府新闻报》5位新闻工作者为封面。


蕾莎表示，政府对于媒体持续威吓和骚扰。 © EPA
“现在肯定不是该害怕的时候”

影响力是《时代》杂志90年来选择封面人物的必要考量，“而影响力，正是源于勇气”。今年春天两名印度记者在24小时分别丧命于两起刻意肇事的车祸中；6月，一名白人枪手因为不满当地报社的报导，而持枪血洗编辑室；秋季，“美国有线电视新闻网”（CNN）因为炸弹威胁，工作人员两度被迫从纽约的办公室撤离。于此同时，川普总统铺天盖地的羞辱媒体。

幸好，美国仍然是真相与言论自由的灯塔，因此CNN状告白宫压迫言论自由获得胜诉，但在追求真相的过程中并不是所有人都能如此幸运。因为长期撰文抨击沙特阿拉伯王储穆罕默德（Mohammed bin Salman）而遭杀害肢解的《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家卡舒吉，就是最令人伤痛，也最明显的代表。《时代》杂志指出，这是他们首度选出一位逝世者做为年度风云人物，但卡舒吉的影响力在他死后快速扩大，相当罕见。


路透社缅甸记者吴觉梭（中）表示记者并未犯罪，将继续为新闻自由奋斗 © AP

卡舒吉在《华盛顿邮报》的同事、著名政论家伊格纳修斯（David Ignatius）曾说，凶手杀人的动机便是为了控制特定讯息。卡舒吉命案引发全球再度审视“以改革掩饰独裁”的穆罕默德王储，但川普政府至今拒绝与他划清界线。

同样面临在位者打压的还有菲律宾《雷普勒》（Rappler）新闻网创办人与总编辑蕾莎。《雷普勒》新闻网以揭弊及报导菲国总统杜特蒂（Rodrigo Duterte）的血腥毒品战争而成名，蕾莎却也因此遭到政府以税务诈欺罪起诉，政府网军也在社群媒体攻击她和《雷普勒》新闻网。即使摆在蕾莎眼前的是长达10年的刑期，但她仍能坚定的表示：“现在肯定不是该害怕的时候。”


路透社缅甸记者瓦隆（中） © AP
为了挖掘真相而入狱，面对伤痛仍坚守岗位

路透社缅甸记者瓦隆与吴觉梭因为报导缅甸军迫害北部若开帮罗兴亚人的真相，遭到缅甸政府以违反了《政府机密法》，重判7年有期徒刑。两人在入狱前表示：“我们知道自己没做错任何事，我无所畏惧”，即此在最黑暗的时刻，他们仍相信正义、民主、自由。

《时代》杂志指出，新闻工作者必然会犯下判断、遗漏和准确性的错误，但不影响其根本的作用，“为了追求更伟大真相而冒险，为了守护不完美却至关重要的事实与发言权”，2018年度风云人物：他们是言论自由与真相的守护者。

2018年6月28日，一名白人男子拉莫斯（Jarrod Ramos）走进美国马里兰州首府安纳波利斯（Annapolis）一一幢办公大楼，走进位在一楼的《首府新闻报》（The Capital Gazette）编辑部，端起手中的霰弹枪，直接对办公室里的主笔、编辑与记者开枪，造成5死2伤的悲剧。凶手行凶动机只是因为不满该报在多年前对他的报导，愤而大开杀戒。惨剧发生之后，幸存的员工并没有被恐惧和悲恸淹没，而是继续在岗位上恪尽新闻人的职责，隔天29日照样出报，有如对殉难同仁献上最高敬意！


2018年6月28日，美国马里兰州《首府新闻报》（The Capital Gazette）编辑部遭枪手血洗，5位新闻工作者遇难 © AP


原文链接：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4TytYz-0CE_jTt7yDrywYw
编辑：付莎莎

admin

【案例】

编辑：付莎莎

admin

【案例】勇敢


编辑：付莎莎

admin

【案例】

甚至让纽约时报和时代周刊上当的美国“慈善恶棍”——越崇高的事业越需要监督

编者按：  本文节译自美国慈善观察（CharityWatch）网站，慈善观察是1992年成立于美国芝加哥的非营利性组织，旨在为慈善机构提供评级服务，为提升慈善领域的治理水平、组织效率和融资提供服务与信息。

原文标题为《慈善观察耻辱堂》，一共列举了20多年来美国公益界具有重大影响的15位丑闻人物，本文节译了其中4位，以供中国公益圈镜鉴。

在本专题报道中，你会了解到重大慈善丑闻背后的人物，这些丑闻激励着我们继续工作，同时证明了一个严厉的、对不法行为有大无畏精神的慈善监督机构是多么重要。

以下形形色色的慈善恶棍故事给我们最重要的教训是：不管某位慈善领袖多么杰出、多么左右逢源、多么受人尊敬，他都只是一个普通人，可能会利用他的职权和影响力践踏公众的信任，从而沦落为《慈善观察》耻辱大厅（CharityWatchHall of Shame）的下一个成员。

威廉姆·阿拉蒙尼（William Aramony）

威廉姆·阿拉蒙尼（William Aramony）担任美国联合劝募会(United Way of America, UWA)总裁兼首席执行官之职长达22年之久。UWA是数千个地方联合劝募会组织的伞形组织，为全美国的社会和人类服务项目提供资金。

1992年，阿拉蒙尼辞职，他被指控通过自己协助创立的分拆公司从UWA榨取资金。丑闻爆发前，阿拉蒙尼被普遍认为是他那个时代最具影响力及备受尊敬的非营利组织领导人之一。

他甚至参与制定了许多当今慈善机构运作所遵循的规则。1995年，阿拉蒙尼及两名同谋托马斯·梅洛（Thomas Merlo）和史蒂芬·波拉查克（Stephen Paulachak）被判诈骗罪。阿拉蒙尼被判犯有25项重罪，判处7年监禁，罪名是欺诈性地挪用慈善机构120万美元资金，为自己和朋友谋利。

这桩丑闻尤其令人难忘的地方，在于阿拉蒙尼是如何挥霍这些慈善资金的。比如，时年59岁的他用UWA的资金来追求一个名叫洛里·维拉萨尔（Lori Villasor）的17岁女孩，然后开始约会。

他与维拉萨尔见面时又盯上了比她稍大的姐姐。这两名年轻女性都加入了UWA的工资支付名单中。阿拉蒙尼用慈善机构的45万美元资金为他的年轻女友在纽约购买了一套公寓，并添置了豪华家具；又花7.8万美元为她雇司机在纽约四处兜风；此外还用4800美元装修了她在佛罗里达的家。

这对情侣在埃及、伦敦、拉斯维加斯和大西洋城等地逍遥快活。《纽约时报》（The New YorkTimes）曾报道过阿拉蒙尼的前助手兼情妇瑞娜·邓肯（Rina Duncan）的证词，她被证实为阿拉蒙尼伪造了7年的开销记录，这样他就可以向慈善机构报销香槟、鲜花和往返的机票等费用。

阿拉蒙尼也以使用不当的方式对待女员工而闻名。根据起诉书，他向愿意和他发生性关系的女性提供了经济利益，而将那些拒绝他的女员工转走。阿拉蒙尼的律师声称他当事人的行为有医学上的原因，他认为阿拉蒙尼控制冲动的能力被脑萎缩症给削弱了。

当阿拉蒙尼在1992年丑闻期间辞职时，该组织的捐款几年来一直不见增长。《慈善观察》总裁丹尼尔·博罗科夫（DanielBorochoff）在1995年的《今日美国》（USA Today）中，就该丑闻如何影响公众对慈善机构的认知发表了评论，他说道：“它激起了捐助者的质疑情绪。他们想了解更多关于一个组织的管理模式及组织领导者的道德水准等方面的情况。”

小约翰·贝内特（John Bennett, Jr.）

1989年，慈善家兼企业家小约翰·贝内特(John Bennett,Jr.)创立了新时代慈善基金会(Foundation for New EraPhilanthropy)，该组织大胆承诺可以将非营利组织的投资回报翻番。事实上，“新时代”只不过是一个庞氏骗局，直至崩盘时，被认为是美国慈善史上最大的金融丑闻。通过五年半的运营，“新时代”使受害者的损高达1.35亿美元。

“新时代”的预设规则很简单：一家非营利机构将钱存入“新时代”一段时间，在持有期结束时，这笔存款将匹配给一位匿名捐赠者，并由他来提供资金，并将已翻倍的资金返回这家非盈利机构。实际上，“新时代”是用新投资者的钱来支付给最初的投资者。

最终，它总共贷款5000万美元来弥补所有的缺口。1995年，“新时代”的贷款被召回。由于无力偿还，贝内特被迫让“新时代”破产，并承认其所谓的匿名捐赠者根本不存在。

1996年，贝内特在82项指控中被起诉。有证据显示，贝内特从“新时代”挪用了大约700万美元用于个人支出，包括将慈善基金转移到他自己的营利性企业。1995年，他还用“新时代”的资金购买了一辆豪华汽车，并平均每周向自己支付26785美元的咨询费。1998年，贝内特因罪名成立被判处十二年监禁。

贝内特通过向监管机构和投资者提供虚假信息，掩盖了自己的形迹。例如，在递交给国税局（IRS）的报税文件中，贝内特谎报了“新时代”的资产，列出了虚假的董事会成员，并提交了伪造的董事会会议记录。他还利用自己作为基督教领袖人物的名声来消除捐赠者的疑虑。

贝内特轻而易举从著名的捐赠者那里获得捐款，比如大卫·洛克菲勒（DavidRockefeller）的弟弟劳伦斯·洛克菲勒（LauranceRockefelle）和前财政部长威廉·西蒙（William Simon）；此外它还获得美国红十字会（American Red Cross）、世界宣明会（World Vision）和自然保护协会（Nature Conservancy）等大型非营利组织的投资。

与“新时代”有关的那些人的口碑帮助其吸引了其他人。美联社(AssociatedPress)引用了《慈善观察》总裁丹尼尔•博罗科夫的评论写道：非营利组织“显然看到了一个为竞争对手赚钱的‘新时代’，他们只是追随领导者，赌光了自己的个人捐款，赢得了一个大忽悠”。

索莫莉·玛姆（SomalyMam）

众所周知，索莫莉•玛姆（Somaly Mam）是那些被迫进入性贩运行业的妇女和女童的捍卫者。她与人合办了两个非营利组织：受困妇女救助会（Agir Pour LesFemmes en Situation Precaire, AFESIP）和索莫莉•玛姆基金会(Somaly MamFoundation, SMF)，并通过它们与该领域的问题作斗争。

索莫莉玛被描述为一个勇敢而美丽的活动家，她的成名有赖于她自己对解决性奴役和酷刑问题的诉求以及她协助拯救的那些妇女，她称之为她的“女孩们”。不幸的是，这些诉求大多数都受到了质疑。

索莫莉•玛姆在世界各地飞来飞去，动员有影响力的人支持她的事业。她通过讲述强奸、虐待和奴役的悲惨故事获得了数百万美元的捐款。SMF报告称该组织为数千名妇女和女孩提供了服务。

2009年，索莫莉•玛姆被《时代周刊》（Time）评为100位最具影响力人物之一。索莫莉玛吸引到了著名的支持者，包括女影星安吉丽娜·朱莉（Angelina Jolie）和苏珊·萨兰登（Susan Sarandon），以及Facebook的首席运营官谢丽尔·桑德伯格（Sheryl Sandberg）。

普利策奖得主、《纽约时报》记者尼古拉斯·克里斯多夫（NicholasKristof）也是一位著名的支持者，他写了几篇关于她的激情澎湃的专栏文章，并采访了她的“女孩们”。然而，在这些名人代言和荣誉背后，索莫莉•玛姆似乎还有另一面。

自2012年以来，质疑索莫莉•玛姆以及她那些最引人注目的“女孩们”经历的真实性的声音一直不断。2014年5月，《新闻周刊》(Newsweek)记者西蒙•马克斯(Simon Marks)撰文指出，索莫莉•玛姆的故事中存在许多可疑的与事实不符的地方。

马克斯说，索莫莉•玛姆实际上并不是性贩卖的受害者。根据马克斯的调查，索莫莉•玛姆的一些最感人的故事充其量都是歪曲的，甚至往坏里说是虚构的。有关索莫莉•玛姆故事不实的的报道发表后，克里斯多夫停止了对索莫莉玛的支持，并说道：“我现在真希望我从来没有写过关于她的文章。”

索莫莉•玛姆还不顾哪些曾被羞辱、但信任她的女性的想法，在媒体和捐赠者面前展示她们，教她们讲煽情而夸张的故事。例如，据《新闻周刊》报道，索莫莉玛的一个“女孩”承认在索莫莉玛的指导下编造了她的故事。

索莫莉•玛姆以情感为驱动来终结性贩卖的运动无疑是一个重要而严肃的问题，但根据性贩卖研究专家的说法，这个问题之所以被误解，部分原因在于索莫莉•玛姆和她的团队讲述了被夸大的悲惨故事。

索莫莉•玛姆一直忽略了一个重要区别，卖淫和性贩卖不是一回事，需要区别对待。AFESIP所参与的许多项目都是针对性贩卖受害者的，包括低薪工作的职业培训和围绕受害者的非正式教育。这些项目不一定会吸引或适合那些自愿选择卖淫以获取经济利益的人。

2014年10月，SMF宣布永久关闭。《慈善观察》只能猜测这是因为SMF无法从围绕索莫莉•玛姆的争议中恢复过来。

罗拉·让·阿莫林（Lola Jean Amorin）

在夏威夷州最大的一起白领罪行案件中，2018年8月，罗拉·让·阿莫林（Lola JeanAmorin）被判处25年监禁。她对挪用夏威夷圆弧组织（The Arc in Hawaii）近700万美元公款的犯罪事实供认不讳。

夏威夷圆弧是一个非营利组织，专为智力和发育障碍人士提供服务（圆弧组织总部，即美国圆弧组织[The Arc of theUnited States]，目前被“慈善观察”授予最高评级。像圆弧组织在全国各地的所有附属机构一样，夏威夷圆弧组织独立运作，且进行单独的财务报告。除了有共同的使命之外，总部和各附属机构之间的管理或业务没有重叠。《慈善观察》没有对夏威夷圆弧组织进行评级。)

71岁的阿莫林被判刑前，曾是夏威夷圆弧组织的一名高级会计师。在被指控挪用公款之前，她在该慈善机构工作了30多年。针对她的18项刑事指控包括一级盗窃罪、计算机欺诈罪、洗钱和逃税罪。

在2017财政年度纳税申报表中，ARC报告称已注意到其资产发生了“重大转移”，报告写道：“在2017年3月，ARC发现一名前雇员涉嫌作假行为。在对截至2017年6月30日的[财政年度财务记录进行详细审查后，管理层发现该财政年度约有34.3万美元资金被挪用……”

据报道，阿莫林最终以每月约5万美元的金额从ARC窃取资金，这对该慈善机构履行使命的能力造成了影响。据《夏威夷今日新闻》（Hawaii News Now）报道，ARC有好几次需要向董事会成员借钱来支付账单。

此外，《慈善观察》指出，在2011-2016财政年度的6年时间里，ARC报告其非限制性基金在财政年度末期结余为负数。在2017财年年底，ARC报告了财政年度末的非限制性资金余额为正，但只有135492美元。自2011财政年度以来，ARC每年的平均支出约为860万美元；根据其提交的年度纳税申报文件，该机构声称其每年的绝大部分收入来自政府拨款。

根据《夏威夷今日新闻》关于阿莫林被判刑的报道，巡回法院法官格伦·金（Glenn Kim）总结了为什么阿莫林以牺牲ARC为代价的行为如此可耻，他说道：“本案中犯罪活动的范围和程度令人震惊。……19年来，她伪造了628张支票……这太不可思议了。”

在《慈善观察》看来，任何一个像她那样在近20年的时间里伪造600多张支票，为的是从她的非营利组织雇主那里窃取近700万美元的人，都是厚颜无耻且不道德的，都应该在我们的耻辱大厅里获得一个席位。

据检方说，更让人感到羞耻的是，报道称阿莫林为了维持奢侈的生活方式，花掉了她偷来的数百万美元，买了五套房子和多辆汽车，还为奢华的假期和房屋装修买单。

除了判处监禁外，阿莫林还被要求支付696万美元的赔偿金和337554美元的未缴税款。此外，阿莫林的丈夫阿尔伯特·阿莫林(Albert Amorin)被判五年缓刑，因为他妻子从ARC窃取了约300万美元税款，而他没有在联合纳税申报表上申报收入。

阿尔伯特·阿莫林对该指控没有提出抗辩。据《夏威夷今日新闻》的说法，目前尚不清楚ARC能够收回多少被挪用的资金。该媒体于2018年6月报道称，检方表示ARC可能只能收回被阿莫林挪用资金的四分之一。

岛屿新闻KITV第四频道（ITV Channel 4 Island News）对瓦胡岛（Oahu）大陪审团2017年9月对阿莫林的起诉进行了报道，并发表了夏威夷圆弧组织的一份声明，声明写道：“当发现一名前雇员从ARC窃取资金时，我们感到震惊和悲痛。……我们已经实施了新的程序和财务控制手段，并相信这将阻止类似的犯罪的发生……”

《慈善观察》当然希望如此，因为尽管没有任何组织值得以这种方式受到伤害，但ARC需要为其失职承担一些责任。阿莫林的贪污计划长达19年，造成了近700万美元资金的损失，ARC竟没有发现。不幸的是，那些依赖ARC服务的智力和发育障碍人士从阿莫林的可耻和犯罪行为中受到的伤害最大。

原文链接：https://www.charitywatch.org/charitywatch-articles/charitywatch-hall-of-shame/63#aramony_united_way

网址链接：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zDUftNeGSuh1-HzmPtHlpA

编辑：臧博

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